26/09/2026
By 1890, the political map of Africa was being transformed at a frightening speed. European powers had spent centuries trading along African coasts, but during the late 19th century they began claiming enormous territories inland. This period became known as the Scramble for Africa, when Britain, France, Germany, Portugal, Italy, Belgium and Spain competed for land, resources and political influence across the continent.
The Berlin Conference of 1884 to 1885 accelerated this process. European governments negotiated rules for recognizing colonial claims without meaningful African representation at the conference. Yet maps from this era can create the misleading impression that Europeans simply arrived and divided an empty continent. Africa was already home to kingdoms, empires, caliphates, city-states and other political societies with their own governments, economies and diplomatic relationships. African rulers and communities responded to European expansion in different ways, including negotiation, accommodation and armed resistance.
Even in 1890, European control was far from complete. Ethiopia remained independent and would famously defeat an invading Italian army at the Battle of Adwa in 1896. Liberia also remained independent, although its history was closely connected to the United States and the settlement of formerly enslaved and free Black Americans. Elsewhere, African states and resistance movements continued fighting colonial expansion long after European governments had drawn claims on their maps.